Actions in Universe
All actions, forces, interactions, activities, heat, and combustions in the infinite universe are due to these various compounds. Humankind has so far been able to comprehend only a minute portion of it. These interactions are done with extreme order and in a decisive, organized manner according to proper principle and law. Chemical compounds exist according to a justified principle that includes the disposition of compositions or the rule of valences
(which indicates that all elements of the composed substance exist in the composing substances in another form)1.
Footnotes
- Valence of a substance is defined as its aptitude in the saturation of an atom of that element with hydrogen. When an atom of a substance is combined with one atom of hydrogen, it is called valence-1 or mono-valence. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are mono-valence. When one atom of an element is combined with two hydrogen atoms, it is called di-valence (like oxygen). When it is combined with three hydrogen atoms, it is called tri-valence (like nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony). When it is combined with four hydrogen atoms, it is called tetra-valence (like carbon and silicon). The Valence in metals is determined through their combination with chlorine (which is mono-valence). In a chemical formula, the Valence of elements is displayed with line (-). For instance, in water (H2O) it is shown as (H- -O- -H). It should be noted that the Valence in atoms is not absolute. For instance, iodine is mono-valence in hydroiodic acid (HI), while it is tri-valence in iodine trichloride (ICl3). The group of chemical roots that act as a simple substance in reactions all has their own specific Valence that can be determined according to their combination.